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97 out of 100 climate scientists agree: Humans are responsible for warming

97 out of 100 climate scientists agree: Humans are responsible for warming

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The Earth revolves around the sun. Also, it’s overheating because we’re burning fossil fuels.

Can you guess which of those two long-established facts just received an additional jolt of publicized near unanimity among scientists?

It was, of course, the latter. (The oil industry has no economic interest in attempting to debunk the former, and you can no longer be persecuted for claiming it.)

An international team of scientists analyzed the abstracts of 11,944 peer-reviewed papers published between 1991 and 2011 dealing with climate change and global warming. That’s right — we’re talking about 20 years of papers, many published long before Superstorm Sandy, last year’s epic Greenland melt, or Australia’s “angry summer.”

About two-thirds of the authors of those studies refrained from stating in their abstracts whether human activity was responsible for climate change. But in those papers where a position on the claim was staked out, 97.1 percent endorsed the consensus position that humans are, indeed, cooking the planet.

The scientists involved with the new study also asked the authors of the peer-reviewed papers for their personal reflections on the causes of global warming. A little more than one-third expressed no opinion. Of those who did share a view, 97.2 percent endorsed the consensus that humans are to blame. Out of the 1,189 authors who responded to the survey, just 39 rejected the idea that humans are causing global warming.

Those 39 scientists might be outliers, but, hey, at least they’re the ones who are going to get the phone calls for interviews on Fox News and with the Wall Street Journal. For “balance,” of course.

The results of the study were published in the journal Environmental Research Letters.

The authors of the study noted that consensus among scientists regarding humanity’s role in global warming is higher than is the case for the rest of the population. The study authors dubbed this a “consensus gap.” Many Americans continue to express doubts about whether we are responsible for a warming trend, although those confused ranks have been declining during the past couple years faster than the soil moisture content on a Texas farm.

From the study:

Our analysis indicates that the number of papers rejecting the consensus on [anthropogenic global warming] is a vanishingly small proportion of the published research. …

Contributing to this ‘consensus gap’ are campaigns designed to confuse the public about the level of agreement among climate scientists. … A key strategy involved constructing the impression of active scientific debate using dissenting scientists as spokesmen.

So next time some loud relative tells you we don’t know for sure that humans are causing the weather to change, you can tell them that 97 percent of climate scientists beg to differ. Of course, that still might not get you anywhere.

John Upton is a science fan and green news boffin who

tweets

, posts articles to

Facebook

, and

blogs about ecology

. He welcomes reader questions, tips, and incoherent rants:

johnupton@gmail.com

.

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97 out of 100 climate scientists agree: Humans are responsible for warming

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On This Earth, A Shadow Falls

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Occupy the Farm movement rises again, hours after being raided

Occupy the Farm movement rises again, hours after being raided

Occupy the Farm

On Monday, this tractor plowed over the unauthorized farm.

A guerrilla veggie-growing occupation of university-owned land in Albany, Calif., was busted by cops early Monday and thousands of zucchini, kale, squash, and other newly planted seedlings were plowed over. But the occupiers proved more resilient than a sprawling mint plant, returning Monday to replant the desecrated farm.

More than 100 activists had gathered at Gill Tract, near Berkeley, on Friday and over the weekend, with some staying on site until the Monday morning raid. They pulled weeds, tilled soil, and planted seedlings. Some pitched tents.

The 12-acre site was part of a large tract of land donated to the University of California in the 1920s and was long used for organic farming and research. But much of it is now abandoned land, slated for homebuilding and a new grocery store. Some of the land continues to be used for agricultural research, but much of that research relates to genetic engineering.

Long-simmering tensions between the university and neighborhood and student activists over how the land is used boiled over on Earth Day last year, when Occupy the Farm broke padlocks and began cultivating gardens. After several weeks, the police moved in, trashed the garden, and arrested nine people.

The U.C.-Berkeley police didn’t wait that long to raze the farm this time around. In addition to bulldozing the plantings early Monday morning, the cops arrested four activists and charged them with trespassing and interfering with police.

From Occupy the Farm’s website:

“The UC’s use of police intervention was completely unnecessary and unreasonable,” says Occupy the Farm member, Matthew McHale, “especially after we publicly declared we were leaving later today.”

“This is a pathetic waste of public resources, to arrest people who are engaged in a constructive project to demonstrate how public land can be used for the public good,” added Dan Siegel, the lawyer for the group.

Over the course of the weekend, hundreds of students, farmers, families, and interested community members participated in the revitalization of a neglected part of the historic farmland bordering San Pablo Avenue and Monroe Street. Rows of squash, kale, tomato, corn, lettuce, and even flowers replaced 5-foot high weeds, as farmers created a vibrant community space on the site of a proposed parking lot and chain grocery store.

Since Occupy the Farm first planted on the Gill tract in April 2012, the group has organized at least 10 public forums focused on the Gill Tract as an asset to community-driven participatory research. The UC Berkeley administration has consistently failed to attend, despite being invited. As one of the last large plots of fertile agricultural soil left in the East Bay, the Gill Tract holds great potential as an educational resource for community members and for UC urban agricultural research, and for providing local, sustainable, organic food.

Later Monday, about 50 people returned to replant the farm. The Oakland Tribune reported that they plan to return again this coming weekend to care for the young plants. From the article:

“We’re here to make a statement that an urban farm is a much better use of that prime soil than paving it over,” [Occupy spokesperson and U.C.-Berkeley student Lesley] Haddock said Monday.

The area in question, roughly 12 acres, is partially used by the university for agricultural research. Activists occupied part of this area for three weeks last year. Police made arrests and ended the overnight occupation of the land on May 14 last year.

But not everybody digs the illegal farming occupation. University officials and some city leaders have been quick to criticize it. And some neighbors say they are looking forward to shopping at the grocery store that’s planned for the site. It was originally going to be a Whole Foods, but the company backed out following last year’s occupation, and a Sprouts Farmers Market store is now planned. From the Oakland Tribune article:

[A] group of Albany residents opposed to the Occupy group brought a contingent of their own to the parcel along San Pablo Avenue.

“We want a grocery store here,” said Sylvia Paull, one of the anti-Occupy protesters. “We spent five years working with UC and Albany trying to get one here.”

The Occupy the Farm folks say the San Francisco East Bay’s last remnants of farming land should stay as farming land, and claim that the new grocery store would eat into the profits of existing stores in the community.

John Upton is a science aficionado and green news junkie who

tweets

, posts articles to

Facebook

, and

blogs about ecology

. He welcomes reader questions, tips, and incoherent rants:

johnupton@gmail.com

.

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Occupy the Farm movement rises again, hours after being raided

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National Briefing | Science: Crucial Carbon Dioxide Reading Revised Downward

One of the two programs that monitor greenhouse gases said that it had revised a reading suggesting that carbon dioxide had surpassed the symbolic level of 400 parts per million. Read this article: National Briefing | Science: Crucial Carbon Dioxide Reading Revised Downward ; ;Related ArticlesWe Just Passed the Climate’s “Grim Milestone”Study Finds Loss of Rain Forests Can Deplete HydropowerDot Earth Blog: More on a Sensitive Climate Question ;

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National Briefing | Science: Crucial Carbon Dioxide Reading Revised Downward

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Cutting Carbon Dioxide Isn’t Enough

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We have to invest in technology to remove the CO2 already in the atmosphere. ishmatt/Flickr According to data being gathered at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, which has been monitoring atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1958, the CO2 concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere officially exceeded the 400 parts per million mark last week, a value not attained on Earth since humans were first human. This ominous milestone comes at a time when the evidence that human activity is resulting in unprecedented climate change is now overwhelming. More important, perhaps, even if all greenhouse gas production ceased immediately, this elevated carbon dioxide level would persist in the atmosphere for thousands of years. Indeed, even moving relatively quickly toward a carbon-neutral economy will still result in a net increase in CO2 in the atmosphere for the foreseeable future. But that is moot, because we are nowhere close to moving quickly in this regard anyway. Fossil fuel reserves have effectively increased, due to improved technologies for extraction, and investment in alternative energy sources has been limited due to artificially low prices on carbon-based energy. As a result, 2012 was likely another record year for human-induced CO2 production. To keep reading, click here.

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Cutting Carbon Dioxide Isn’t Enough

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Cutting Carbon Dioxide Isn’t Enough

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Dot Earth Blog: More on a Sensitive Climate Question

A fresh look at studies finding a less potent warming from the continuing buildup of greenhouse gases. From:  Dot Earth Blog: More on a Sensitive Climate Question ; ;Related ArticlesMore on a Sensitive Climate QuestionDot Earth Blog: My Lucky StrokeDot Earth Blog: Fresh Analysis of the Pace of Warming and Sea-Level Rise ;

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Dot Earth Blog: More on a Sensitive Climate Question

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Carbon Dioxide Level Passes Long-Feared Milestone

The amount of the gas in the air has not been this high for at least three million years, and scientists believe the rise portends large changes in the climate and sea level. Taken from:  Carbon Dioxide Level Passes Long-Feared Milestone ; ;Related ArticlesDot Earth Blog: Fresh Analysis of the Pace of Warming and Sea-Level RiseDot Earth Blog: Bend, Stretch, Reach, Teach, Reveal, Reflect, Rejoice, RepeatScientist at Work Blog: Rummaging Among Skins and Skulls ;

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Carbon Dioxide Level Passes Long-Feared Milestone

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This Town Took On Fracking and Won

Tiny Dryden, New York, just won the right to send frackers packing. Kate Sheppard/Mother Jones There was a time not so long ago when the most contentious issue in Dryden, New York, was hiring a new dog catcher. Situated in New York’s Finger Lakes region, Dryden is a rural town with a population of just 14,500 spread over 94 square miles. It’s “a little more progressive than your average upstate town,” explains town supervisor Mary Ann Sumner, because it gets some spillover residents from nearby Ithaca, a college town. “But we’re still just an upstate town,” best known for dairy farms and cornfields. But everything changed in August 2011, when Dryden became one of the first towns in New York to ban fracking. Natural gas interests swiftly sued, putting the once sleepy spot in the middle of a nationwide debate over gas drilling. Last week, after a spending a year and a half in court fighting to protect its ban, Dryden became the first town in the state to prevail over the gas industry—in a case that could set a precedent for other towns that are trying to keep frackers out. In 2008, New York imposed a statewide moratorium on fracking, until more research could be done on the environmental and health effects of the practice. But towns all over the state have tried to find their own way to exert control over the industry if and when the state decides to let drilling go forward. Fifty-four other towns have fracking bans in place, and another 105 have passed moratoria. The court’s decision last week also upheld a similar ban in Middlefield, a town in central New York, and the two cases together are expected to give traction to the other towns looking to take similar actions. To keep reading, click here. Taken from:   This Town Took On Fracking and Won ; ;Related ArticlesScientist at Work Blog: Empty Nets on the MekongDot Earth Blog: Exploring Environmental Issues and Communication With Students in JapanHow the coconut tree provides food, fuel, roofing, rope and more for Sri Lankan farmers ;

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This Town Took On Fracking and Won

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DNA from Tiger Scat Aids Conservation Efforts in Nepal

Tiger scat offers DNA traces that can help conserve Nepal’s struggling tiger population. Original link:  DNA from Tiger Scat Aids Conservation Efforts in Nepal ; ;Related ArticlesOn ‘Unburnable Carbon’ and the Specter of a ‘Carbon Bubble’Dot Earth Blog: Extreme Weather in a Warming World, and the American MindDot Earth Blog: Observed Earth: A New View of the Sky ;

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DNA from Tiger Scat Aids Conservation Efforts in Nepal

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Dot Earth Blog: Milestone Nears on Curve Charting the Human Imprint on the Atmosphere

A famous curve of carbon dioxide levels is close to passing a milestone. See the original article here:   Dot Earth Blog: Milestone Nears on Curve Charting the Human Imprint on the Atmosphere ; ;Related ArticlesDot Earth Blog: Extreme Weather in a Warming World, and the American MindDot Earth Blog: Observed Earth: A New View of the SkyDot Earth Blog: A Google Duo and Media Maven Explore a Hyper-Connected Planet ;

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Dot Earth Blog: Milestone Nears on Curve Charting the Human Imprint on the Atmosphere

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