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Scientist drinks billion-year-old water: "It tastes terrible"

One of the great scientific questions has now been answered. No, it’s not something about the Higgs Boson or the Riemann hypothesis… Jump to original:   Scientist drinks billion-year-old water: "It tastes terrible" ; ;Related ArticlesWhy scientific proof isn’t always needed to justify concernsMonstanto vs. organics: court rules that a website promise is good enoughAre Fungus-Farming Ants the Key to Better Biofuel? ;

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Scientist drinks billion-year-old water: "It tastes terrible"

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A Reality Check on a Plan for a Swift Post-Fossil Path for New York

A journal that published an ambitious plan for New York State to go fossil free in a few decades now runs a critique. Visit link –  A Reality Check on a Plan for a Swift Post-Fossil Path for New York ; ;Related ArticlesWhy Colorado’s Fire Losses, Even with Global Warming, Need Not Be the ‘New Normal’Dot Earth Blog: Talking Climate Online With David Roberts of GristGlobal Warming and Our Inconvenient Minds ;

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A Reality Check on a Plan for a Swift Post-Fossil Path for New York

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Occupy Sandy, Once Welcomed, Now Questioned

The Occupy movement’s relief team still hasn’t disbursed all the money it raised to help one of New York City’s hardest hit neighborhoods. An incomplete section of the destroyed Rockaway Beach boardwalk, May 31, 2013. squirrel83/Flickr Nearly eight months after Hurricane Sandy destroyed almost three miles of historic boardwalk along the Rockaway peninsula at the southern end of New York City, the shore hums with sounds of $140 million worth of beach recovery: circular saws, jack hammers, and tractors. While construction continues around the clock, officials have reopened beaches in hopes that a vibrant tourist season will kickstart the local economy; on this hot June day, a handful of surfers catching breaks on the city’s only legal surfing beaches is one tangible sign that the work to remediate 1.5 million cubic yards of displaced sand has been successful. Now, beyond immediate relief work and the big-ticket city spending—the A train is finally rumbling along elevated tracks to Far Rockaway—community organizers can rattle off a shopping list of daily small-dollar needs that don’t usually get their own entries in big-name relief agency spreadsheets: Community garden maintenance, recovering lost furniture or hiring a killer grant writer to ensure the money keeps flowing. As relief turns to long-term recovery, community activists have their eyes on a group they know has some money left unspent: Occupy Sandy. After Superstorm Sandy hit New York last October, Occupy Wall Street—the global protest movement against economic inequality that started in downtown Manhattan—set up a new group, Occupy Sandy, and mobilized thousands of supporters to raise more than $1.37 million, according to finances made public on their website. But here’s the thing: Roughly one out of every five dollars raised—nearly $300,000—remains unallocated. According to interviews with Occupy Sandy organizers, it’s been more than three months since the group began the process of giving this remaining money over to community groups in the hardest-hit areas. Only a fraction of the $150,000 that has already been allocated to the Rockaways has so far been disbursed. Meanwhile, as Americans face an ever-increasing number of natural disasters and extreme weather events, more recent victims like those in tornado-devastated Moore, Oklahoma, are looking to Occupy Sandy as a model to replicate, warranting a closer look at how the group balances its books. So far, there’s no clear picture of how nearly $240,000 of funds already allocated have been, or will be, spent. Bre Lembitz, an original Zuccotti park occupier, now Occupy Sandy’s bookkeeper, attributes the delay mostly to paperwork snags beyond the group’s control: “The documentation has fallen by the wayside,” she says. “It hasn’t been a priority for people.” Some Rockaway residents say that Occupy Sandy is keeping them in the dark about how they will dish out its remaining money, and that the group, which has no one central location in the city but operates from several hubs, isn’t including them in decision-making. Milan Taylor, the 24-year-old director of the Rockaway Youth Task Force, says Occupy Sandy “was brilliant at first.” In the immediate aftermath of the storm that destroyed 175 houses and businesses here and left 34,000 customers were left without power, sometimes for months, Occupy Sandy volunteers worked side-by-side with locals to lug water and blankets to people in damaged homes or darkened residential towers. They gutted and mucked out houses and educated locals about the health risks of mold infestations, coordinating their efforts via a fleet of vans; they were applauded for agility while the big agency relief machinery ground into motion. “I believe we’ve been hugely successful and we’ve done a lot with a little money,” says Terri Bennett, 35, the co-director of Respond and Rebuild, an arm of Occupy Sandy in the Rockaways. At this point, she says, Occupy Sandy has worked at around 300 homes in the Rockaways and conducted extensive one-on-one surveys of local needs. From L-R: Occupy Sandy organizers Brett Goldberg, Gabriel Van Houten, and Terri Bennett discuss the future of the movement in the back offices of the Pilgrim Church of Arverne. James West “I personally believe they have outstayed their welcome,” says Milan Taylor. But the relationship risks being soured, Taylor says. If Occupy Sandy doesn’t tell the Rockaways community how it plans to spend the rest of the money, ”I personally believe they have outstayed their welcome,” he says. Milan Taylor’s group received Occupy Sandy grants totaling $17,800 in January, but he wonders what will become of the remaining Occupy cash. Just a portion of it could help his group hire a part-time professional caseworker to track teenagers whose education was disrupted for months after the storm. He says he has found it difficult to get information from Occupy Sandy. “Now there’s this additional pool of money they have,” he says, “and it’s like they are changing the rules as things are going along.” But according to Bre Lembitz, the group’s mission has always been to transition to a community-driven approach—it has just taken a little time to get up and running. ”Ideologically this is the best idea, but that doesn’t mean necessarily it can be put into practice,” she says. “I naively thought it was going to be much easier to set up, and it wasn’t.” Occupy Sandy has now convened a panel of 9 people to serve the specific needs of the Rockaways, including 4 residents affiliated with Occupy Sandy, and to decide how their chunk of money gets spent. There is no timeline for this, but organizers say some grants might begin to flow in another month’s time. As for the nearly $300,000, Lembitz says Occupy Sandy is “in the process” of having open meetings “where the community can come together and decide how best to allocate the rest of the money.” But apart from one debrief session, the group’s public calendar is bare through the end of the year. Bre Lembitz, 23, is Occupy Sandy’s book keeper. James West The Rockaway peninsula is split from east to west along historic socio-economic lines: The poverty rate in densely-populated Far Rockaway to the east, where there are number of big public housing developments and nursing homes, is around 22 percent. On the Western tip in Breezy Point, it’s 2 percent. That makes navigating local needs and politics especially important. “It’s pretty frustrating,” says Robyn Hillman-Harrigan, who runs Shore Soup Project, a group that provided more than 50,000 hot meals door-to-door in the aftermath of the storm. She goes out of her way to say she’s supportive of the bigger Occupy Sandy principles, and thinks its efforts have been largely commendable. But she can’t help but see the irony of a small group making decisions about money meant for the many. “It feels like a club,” she says. Terri Bennett defended the makeup of the new Rockaway panel. “There’s a really fine line between inviting enough people to participate, and inviting too many,” she says. She also says the group wants to avoid being overwhelmed by requests and repeating the mistakes of the past: “I also think that those [community] groups are kind of the same people over and over again that are already involved in these processes, but if we invite people who aren’t normally invited to the table, then it builds a bunch of peoples’ capacities.” This hasn’t stopped the group investing $100,000 elsewhere in a FEMA-approved Staten Island group that, unlike in the Rockaways, puts Occupy Sandy in direct weekly contact with a diverse coalition of established community and faith leaders. Youth leader Milan Taylor says it’s vital for the movement to communicate its plans clearly: “The funding was raised in the name of the Rockaways,” he says. “It’s not complicated if you’re from the community. But for an outsider coming in and trying to understand an entire community history in six months, it’s impossible.” Robyn Hillman-Harrigan, on a rebuilt section of the Rockaway Beach boardwalk. James West Original link: Occupy Sandy, Once Welcomed, Now Questioned ; ;Related ArticlesAre Fungus-Farming Ants the Key to Better Biofuel?How Climate Change Makes Wildfires WorseWhy Colorado’s Fire Losses, Even with Global Warming, Need Not Be the ‘New Normal’ ;

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Occupy Sandy, Once Welcomed, Now Questioned

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Love Trestles? Show up tomorrow.

Nothing beats showing up. Link:  Love Trestles? Show up tomorrow. ; ;Related ArticlesHere’s your sick note for International Surfing DayThe three best surfing ads of the year?Surfrider college club joins the offshore campaign ;

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Love Trestles? Show up tomorrow.

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Are Fungus-Farming Ants the Key to Better Biofuel?

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Secrets from their underground fungus fields could help fight climate change. DavidDennisPhotos.com/Flickr “If you have ants in your house,” the great Harvard ecologist EO Wilson once said, “be kind to them.” Keep this in mind the next time you want to flick one off the kitchen table: The tiny critters, which collectively weigh about as much as all of humanity, could wield a big weapon in the fight against climate change. In the US, corn-based ethanol is a big business, consuming 40 percent of the domestic corn crop and providing roughly 10 percent of the fuel supply, which would otherwise be dirty fossil fuels. But the practice of topping your tank off with corn is fraught with problems: Some argue that the crop should be used for food; it’s sensitive to drought; and the ethanol-making process might be contributing to an E coli epidemic, to name a few. That’s why the Obama administration recently announced a plan to invest $2 billion in organic fuels that rely on things other than corn, including switchgrass and gas from cattle poo. But this weekend, a group of scientists discovered a chemical key that could revitalize corn-based ethanol by allowing it to be made from stalks, leaves, and other bits beside the cob itself. This won’t help much with the drought problem (less corn is still less corn), but it could alleviate the food-vs-fuel debate and the E coli problem as more kernels are saved to go straight to livestock. Turns out, the savior of ethanol could be the South American leafcutter ant. Leafcutter ants make some of the largest underground colonies in the world, some with as many as seven million residents. And, as the name suggests, many of them spend their days combing the rainforest for bits of leaves, gathering half the weight of a cow per colony every year. They carry this mass back into their tunnels and use as fertilizer for a crop of fungus, which they then eat. Ant experts (“myrmecologists,” if you care to know) have long believed that the fungus acts as a kind of external stomach for the ants, breaking down sugars in the leaves that the ants aren’t equipped to handle themselves. In fact, it’s not the fungus itself that breaks down the leaves, but chemical enzymes within it, and Frank Aylward, a microbiologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says those same enzymes could be used to help break down corn byproducts to make fuel. In a new study, Aylward sequenced the genome of the leafcutter ant’s symbiotic fungus, and identified for the first time the exact enzymes that have evolved over millennia to efficiently break down plant material stored in the ant’s underground tunnels. For making fuel, Aylward asks, “why don’t we use the rest of the corn plant? It’s because the sugars are tied up in cellulose and other things that are hard to break down. So we’re looking for enzymes that can help.” Enzymes are already used for this purpose, and a crop of businesses have sprung up in the biofuel boom to manufacture them, but Aylward believes his could be among the most efficient ever discovered. And using every part of the corn plant, including parts that typically go to waste, could make ethanol production more sustainable and boost its climate benefits. To study the ants, Aylward and his team traveled to Panama and Costa Rica to collect specimens (“The trick is to get the queen,” he says), then brought them to a lab in Wisconsin where they could take samples of the fungus as the ants cultivated it. While there are many microbes that can break down tough plant matter, he says, the ants do it exceptionally well: Collectively, they’re the largest herbivore on the continent. “We wanted to see if there was something that allowed them to do that so efficiently,” he said. Aylward’s findings pinpoint that secret ingredient enzyme, and he says he’s already been contacted by private businesses looking to manufacture the enzymes and get an early start on applying them to biofuel production; they could even be mixed and matched with other enzymes to take the ants work even further. “The ants are really successful at this,” he said, “and that’s the exact thing we want to do with plant biomass.”

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Are Fungus-Farming Ants the Key to Better Biofuel?

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Are Fungus-Farming Ants the Key to Better Biofuel?

Posted in alo, eco-friendly, FF, G & F, GE, mixer, Monterey, ONA, organic, PUR, solar, solar power, Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Are Fungus-Farming Ants the Key to Better Biofuel?